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Glossary

Definition: 

(v) to manage or supervise the execution, use, or conduct of something. An alternate form of the verb ‘administer’.

Parts of speech:  

verb: administrate/administrates, administrating, administrated
noun: administrator, administrators; administration, administrations
adjective: administrative
adverb: administratively


Synonyms: manage, run, control, direct, govern, supervise, head, lead, command, organise, regulate, coordinate, execute, conduct, steer, provide, offer, oversee, conduct the affairs of, look after, allocate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
What did it entail for Greeks to administrate a colony across the sea?
Each port is administered by a team of experts, engineers and economists.

Definition: 

(v) to accept another’s belief, perspective, or course of action.

Parts of speech:  

verb: agree/agrees, agreeing, agreed
noun: agreement, agreements
adjective: agreeable; agreed
adverb: agreeably


Synonyms: accord, approve, be of the same opinion, be willing, consent to, conform, coincide, correspond, decide on, negotiate, permit, promise, undertake

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This new idea must be agreed upon by all of us.
The reason of this meeting is to agree a new strategy.

Definition: 

(n) a long-held practice or behaviour, custom becomes informal law.

Parts of speech:  

noun: custom, customs; customer, customers
adjective: customary
adverb: customarily


Synonyms: rule, practice, usage, tradition, policy, procedure, form, way, manner, mode, habit, business, trade, support

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Customs are informal rules.
We would like you to know and follow our customs.

Definition: 

(n) a forward change in state.

Parts of speech:  

noun: development, developments; developer, developers
verb: develop, develops, developing; developed


Synonyms: evolution, advance, progress, extension, expansion, improvement, change, growth, growing, building, exploitation, outcome, result, event

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The latest development of maritime law was not received with excitement.
The country encourages the development of small businesses around its ports.

Definition: 

(adj.) what is allowed or permitted within the given law.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: legal; legalistic
adverb: legally
verb: legalise/legalises, legalising, legalised
noun: legality, legalities


Synonyms: within the law, lawful, rightful, valid, legitimate, authorised, permissible, permitted, allowable, judicial, judiciary, constitutional

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
What is a legal system?
Our company is concerned about the legal consequences arising from this decision.

Definition: 

(n) a country, especially when thought of as a large group of people living in one area with their own government, language, traditions, etc.

Parts of speech:  

noun: nation, nations; national, nationals; nationality, nationalities; nationalism, nationalisms
adjective: national; nationalistic


Synonyms: country, state, population, people, society, community

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They created a powerful nation.
They fight for the interests of their nation.

Definition: 

(n) that something belongs to or is the legal property of a person or legal entity.

Parts of speech:  

noun: ownership, ownerships; owner, owners
verb: own/owns, owning, owned
adjective: own; owing


Synonyms: possession, occupation, property, proprietary rights, control, holding

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The company announced a change in ownership.
Our company has transferred the ownership of the vessel.

Definition: 

(adj.) where an outcome, behaviour, or action can be predicted and depended upon.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: reliable
adverb: reliably
noun: reliance, reliances; reliability, reliabilities
verb: rely/relies, relying, relied


Synonyms: certain, true, responsible, predictable, dependable, honest, trustworthy, valid, genuine, authentic, constant

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This is a reliable source of information.
They are respected for their reliable decisions.

Definition: 

(n) the origin, or point from which something is created.

Parts of speech:  

noun: source, sources


Synonyms: origin, author, initiator, cause, root, beginning, start, head, starting point, authority, documentation, point of supply

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
All maritime laws have the same sources.
The sea is a food source open to all.

Definition: 

(v) to release an object into the air over a distance.

Parts of speech:  

verb: throw/throws, throwing, threw, thrown
noun: throw, throws; thrower, throwers


Synonyms: send, toss, fling, project, launch, overturn, dislodge, hurl

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Why they prepared to throw off the cargo from the ship?
How far can you throw the ball?

Definition: 

(n) the best ability to do an act, or the maximum ability to contain.

Parts of speech:  

noun: capacity, capacities


Synonyms: ability, aptitude, strength, skill, competence, intelligence, power, position, role, function, post, appointment, service, facility, size, volume, space, range, room, dimensions, scope

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
All our ships operate at full capacity.
In the last year the port increased its capacity.

Definition: 

(v) to state ownership of, or to allege a fact.

Parts of speech:  

verb: claim/claims, claiming, claimed
noun: claim, claims; claimant, claimants


Synonyms: ask for, call for, demand, take, receive, assert, insist, allege, uphold, request, suit

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He is entitled to claim ownership of the cargo.
No state could claim ownership of the sea.

Definition: 

(v) to protect from force or attack.

Parts of speech:  

verb: defend/defends, defending, defended
noun: defender, defenders; defendant, defendants; defense, defences; defensive; defensiveness; defencelessness
adjective: defensive; defensible; defenceless
adverb: defensively; defencelessly


Synonyms: protect, sustain, plead for, make a case for, justify, uphold, support, guard, screen, harbour, secure, fortify

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
I successfully defended my client against all accusations.
Troops were transported by the sea to defend the boundaries of the empire.

Definition: 

(v) to state the edge of an area or of an idea.

Parts of speech:  

verb: define/defines, defining, defined
noun: definition, definitions
adjective: definable


Synonyms: describe, interpret, explain, detail, establish, characterise, outline, mark out; limit, bound, demarcate, determine, designate, exemplify, illustrate, specify

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He has chosen to define a new strategy.
The government has specifically defined new legal terms.

Definition: 

(n) a belief or set of beliefs taught and held true by a group.

Parts of speech:  

noun: doctrine, doctrines
adjective: doctrinal; doctrinaire


Synonyms: belief, conviction, dogma, canon, principle, opinion, concept, precept, teaching

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We are all committed to the conventional doctrine of free trade.
I embrace the doctrine of social equality.

Definition: 

(adj.) using least effort or energy to achieve a result.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: efficient
adverb: efficiently
noun: efficiency, efficiencies


Synonyms: effective, well organised, systematic, structured, methodical, cost-effective, competent, capable, able, businesslike

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The ship’s equipment is not technically efficient for this voyage.
Marine fuel efficiency is under increasing scrutiny.

Definition: 

(v) to make something official, or to give it greater structure.

Parts of speech:  

verb: formalise/formalises, formalising, formalised
noun: formalisation, formalisations


Synonyms: plan, establish, conduct, designate, decide, determine, construe, represent, specify

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Justinian formalised a great legal infrastructure.
There are many attempts to formalise the best operational practices.

Definition: 

(n) the ability to move and act without restriction.

Parts of speech:  

noun: freedom, freedoms


Synonyms: liberty, liberation, release, discharge, independence, autonomy, sovereignty, self-determination, self-government, ability, chance, power, opportunity, latitude, facility, discretion

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
I know what freedom of choice means.
Freedom of the sea is a central doctrine.

Definition: 

(n) the basic systems and objects that enable an organisation or a country to function.

Parts of speech:  

noun: infrastructure, infrastructures
adjective: infrastructural


Synonyms: structure, framework, plan, base, scheme, foundation

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They have discussed the improvement of public transport infrastructure.
Maritime infrastructure projects require a deep understanding of the industry.

Definition: 

(v) to make something or to bring something into existence.

Parts of speech:  

verb: produce/produces, producing, produced
noun: produce; producer; product, products; production, productions; productivity, productivities
adjective: productive


Synonyms: make, build, create, invent, construct, develop, put together, assemble, fabricate, provide, grow, supply, deliver, cause, lead to, result in, generate, trigger, present, offer, direct, stage, mount, show

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We intent to produce some changes across the market.
We will release our new products before the end of the year.

Definition: 

(v) to take with.

Parts of speech:  

verb: bring/brings, bringing, brought


Synonyms: take, carry, transport, transfer, deliver, convey, fetch, conduct, guide, accompany; influence, cause, contribute to

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They can bring about fundamental changes to this project.
All those laws were brought together into one document.

Definition: 

(n) a unified group of smaller entities, often political.

Parts of speech:  

noun: confederation, confederations; confederate, confederates
adjective: confederate


Synonyms: alliance, union, association, federation, coalition, bloc, cartel, guild, league

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We are the advocates of this great confederation.
A common maritime law helped them keep their confederation of cities together.

Definition: 

(v) a single or smaller piece of information.

Parts of speech:  

verb: detail/details, detailing, detailed
noun: detail, details
adjective: detailed


Synonyms: describe, present, explain, relate, portray, list, enumerate, narrate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This document details all the sources used in the research.
She presented a very detailed report.

Definition: 

(n) a page or pages of written or typed information.

Parts of speech:  

noun: document, documents; documentation, documentations
adjective: documentary
verb: document/documents, documenting, documented


Synonyms: legal form, form, paper, record, deed, contract, report, certificate, authorisation

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
At the end of the conference an official document was released.
This is a document concerning seafarers’ rights.

Definition: 

(v) to mark a line on a surface.

Parts of speech:  

verb: draw/draws, drawing, drew, drawn
noun: draw, draws; drawing, drawings; drawer, drawers


Synonyms: outline, sketch, design, map out, mark out, trace, draft, create, write, frame, prepare

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
You can read the preparatory drawing of the text.
The legal text was professionally drawn up.

Definition: 

(adj.) treating everyone fairly or in the same way.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: equitable
adverb: equitably


Synonyms: fair, just, right, reasonable, rightful, honest, impartial, unbiased, proportionate, decent, stable

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
It is clear we need an equitable distribution of resources.
It is clear this is not an equitable solution.

Definition: 

(n) a collection of individuals with a purpose.

Parts of speech:  

noun: organisation, organisations; organiser, organisers
verb: organise/organises, organising, organised
adjective: organised; organisational


Synonyms: institution, group, operation, company, enterprise, consortium, corporation, association, party, body, band, faction

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We are members of this international organisation.
The maritime conference was organised by a few enthusiasts.

Definition: 

(n) money demanded for the return of an asset or person, a criminal practice.

Parts of speech:  

noun: ransom, ransoms
verb: ransom/ransoms, ransoming, ransomed


Synonyms: release money, payment, price, pay-off

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They organised a ransom payment.
They kidnapped an officer for ransom.

Definition: 

(n) a statement describing how to act or the proper way.

Parts of speech:  

noun: rule, rules; ruling, rulings; ruler, rulers
verb: rule/rules, ruling, ruled
adjective: ruling


Synonyms: law, regulation, convention, code, custom, principle, practice, protocol, procedure

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This custom was an unwritten rule for centuries.
We can better observe the international trade rules from practice.

Definition: 

(v) to divide into smaller pieces.

Parts of speech:  

verb: split/splits, splitting, split
noun: split, splits
adjective: splitting


Synonyms: divide, share, crack, break, break up, come apart, tear, rip, slash, cut, chop

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The log was split into pieces.
The country is deeply split on human rights issues.

Definition: 

(v) to say information out loud.

Parts of speech:  

verb: announce/announces, announcing, announced
noun: announcement, announcements; announcer, announcers


Synonyms: declare, tell, broadcast, make known, make public, disclose, divulge, report, reveal, publish, trumpet, promulgate, advertise, state, circulate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our company can proudly announce the launch of a new service very soon.
A new partnership was announced yesterday by the manager.

Definition: 

(v) to find and bring information together.

Parts of speech:  

verb: compile/compiles, compiling, compiled
noun: compiler, compilers; compilation, compilations


Synonyms: gather, amass, cull, collect, accumulate, organise, arrange, compose

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The company presented a compiled report.
We have compiled a list of useful articles for you.

Definition: 

(v) to argue with a decision.

Parts of speech:  

verb: dispute/disputes, disputing, disputed
noun: dispute, disputes; disputant, disputants; disputation, disputations
adjective: disputable; disputatious
adverb: disputatiously


Synonyms: have an argument, debate, challenge, contest, question, discussion, controversy, object to, disagree, contradict, rebut, clash, conflict

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
There is a continuing dispute between them regarding the approach of the new clients.
They have finally settled the main point beyond dispute.

Definition: 

(v) to grow in size, or in detail.

Parts of speech:  

verb: enlarge/enlarges, enlarging, enlarged
noun: enlargement, enlargements; enlarger, enlargers


Synonyms: grow, grow larger, grow bigger, become bigger, make bigger, make larger, build up, increase, expand, extend, dilate, multiply, augment, add to, develop, broaden

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
At that time the empire was enlarged considerably by acquiring new territories.
Our enlarged global business law firm seeks to find new local customers.

Definition: 

(v) to concentrate attention on one area.

Parts of speech:  

verb: focus/focuses, focusing, focused
noun: focus, focuses or foci


Synonyms: concentrate on, centre on, central point, focal point, aim at, zoom in, look mainly at

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our modules focus exclusively on introductory maritime education.
His study is expected to focus on legal maritime history.

Definition: 

(adj.) wanting to give your attention or time to something.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: interested; interesting
verb: interest/interests, interesting, interested
noun: interest, interests


Synonyms: attracted, curious, fascinated, excited, keen, moved, stimulated, captivated, attentive, enthusiastic, affected, involved, connected, concerned, implicated

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
She suddenly got very interested in maritime history and legal principles.
I am always interested in how legal maritime institutions evolved.

Definition: 

(v) to bring other people or factors into a process.

Parts of speech:  

verb: involve/involves, involving, involved
noun: involvement, involvements
adjective: involved


Synonyms: include, take in, embrace, engage, implicate, associate, mix up, tangle, entangle, link, connect

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This negotiation will inevitably involve lots of time and endless discussions.
This process needs the direct involvement of all members of our team.

Definition: 

(n) the outcome reached in a previous case, usually legal.

Parts of speech:  

noun: precedent, precedents; precedence, precedences
verb: precede/precedes, preceding, preceded
adjective: preceding; precedential


Synonyms: authority, authoritative example, previous example, example, antecedent, pattern, model, standard, prototype, instance

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
I know there is a legal precedent for this case.
The decision was based on a set of precedents.

Definition: 

(adj.) from a time before.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: previous
adverb: previously


Synonyms: earlier, former, last, preceding, antecedent, anterior, one-time, foregoing, past, prior

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
You can find a summary of all our previous meetings.
During my previous studies I was not aware of the complexity of maritime cases.

Definition: 

(n) knowing you have seen or heard something before, or knowing something as true.

Parts of speech:  

noun: recognition, recognitions; recognisance, recognisances
verb: recognise/recognises, recognising, recognised
adjective: recognisable
adverb: recognisably


Synonyms: recall, remembrance, recollection, understanding, awareness, perception, discovery, acceptance, identification, appreciation

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our first aim is to obtain a solid background and professional recognition.
This rule has been recognised recently.

Definition: 

(v) to openly recommend or support.

Parts of speech:  

verb: advocate/advocates, advocating, advocated
noun: advocate, advocates; advocacy, advocacies


Synonyms: recommend, support, endorse, defend, favour, promote, advise, campaign for, speak for, plead for, argue for

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Seafarers’ rights have not been advocated properly.
They strongly advocate a new learning system.

Definition: 

(v) to challenge a decision or outcome.

Parts of speech:  

verb: contest/contests, contesting, contested
noun: contest, contests; contestant, contestants


Synonyms: challenge, oppose, argue against, dispute, refute, debate, question, object to, litigate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
My point of view was fiercely contested by one of my colleagues.
The Dutch contested the Portuguese monopoly in Asia.

Definition: 

(adj.) something that a significant population believes to be incorrect.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: controversial
adverb: controversially
noun: controversy, controversies; controversialist, controversialists


Synonyms: questionable, open to question, debatable, disputed, disputable, problematical, arguable, under discussion, polemic

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The meeting addresses a very controversial issue.
At least one point has remained controversial after their discussion.

Definition: 

(v) to come out of.

Parts of speech:  

verb: emerge/emerges, emerging, emerged
noun: emergency, emergencies; emergence, emergences
adjective: emergent


Synonyms: come out, appear, arise, rise, proceed, spring up, come into view, turn up, become visible, issue, develop

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our company is finally emerging from stagnation.
His professional problems are now beginning to emerge.

Definition: 

(v) to break out of containment.

Parts of speech:  

verb: escape/escapes, escaping, escaped
noun: escape, escapes; escapee, escapees


Synonyms: evade, get away, break free, break out, run away, run off, flee, fly, elude, avoid

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
More members of the crew try to escape the disaster.
The captain and the crew managed to escape uninjured.

Definition: 

(v) to rule over.

Parts of speech:  

verb: govern/governs, governing, governed
noun: government, governments; governor, governors; governance, governances
adjective: governing; governmental


Synonyms: rule, lead, administer, be in charge of, run, manage, control, direct, command, regulate, master, discipline, determine, influence, guide, shape

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The current government was elected last month.
The government came to power with a great trade policy.

Definition: 

(adj.) someone who is neutral or has no potential bias in a decision.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: impartial
adverb: impartially
noun: impartiality, impartialities


Synonyms: neutral, unbiased, objective, balanced, fair, just, equal, equitable, open-minded, fair-minded, disinterested, nonpartisan, non-discriminating, unprejudiced, detached

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
A judge always must be impartial.
We will never let you compromise our impartiality.

Definition: 

(adj.) a process or an action that creates value (or money).

Parts of speech:  

adjective: profitable; profitless
verb: profit/profits, profiting, profited
noun: profit, profits; profiteer, profiteers; profiteering, profiteerings; profitability, profitabilities
adverb: profitably; profitlessly


Synonyms: profitmaking, moneymaking, gainful, fruitful, productive, lucrative, remunerative, commercial, rewarding, valuable, beneficial, useful, advantageous

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We are confident we’ll make this project profitable.
We aim to return to profitability by the end of the year.

Definition: 

(v) to put back, or to substitute.

Parts of speech:  

verb: replace/replaces, replacing, replaced
noun: replacement, replacements
adjective: replaceable


Synonyms: take the place of, substitute, put back, follow, succeed, return, restore, come after, renew, change, exchange, switch

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The new discovery gradually replaced the old one.
The syllabus is designed to replace the traditional one.

Definition: 

(adj.) a common occurrence.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: widespread


Synonyms: general, universal, common, broad, popular, prevalent, epidemic, pervasive

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
There were particular widespread beliefs among the population.
The new commercial practices are not sufficiently widespread to affect the market.

Definition: 

(v) to get or buy something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: acquire/acquires, acquiring, acquired


Synonyms: get, buy, gain, receive, obtain, come into possession, achieve, collect, secure, earn, pick up, take

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The course helped us acquire a new practical skill.
We want our trainees to acquire the habit of using electronic resources.

Definition: 

(n) a friend or political / military partner.

Parts of speech:  

noun: ally, allies
verb: ally/allies, allying, allied
adjective: allied 


Synonyms: partner, associate, colleague, co-worker, collaborator, confederate, companion, supporter, accomplice, friend, mate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He is a friend and ally of our country.
They try to find a potential ally for supporting their law.

Definition: 

(v) to take ownership of something from another.

Parts of speech:  

verb: capture/captures capturing, captured
noun: capture, captures; captor, captors


Synonyms: take, catch, secure, seize, occupy, conquer, grab, pick up, round up, trap

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They try to understand how the ship was captured so close to the port.
He was looking to capture new territory.

Definition: 

(adj.) complete and including everything necessary.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: comprehensive; comprehensible
noun: comprehensive, comprehensives


Synonyms: complete, full, inclusive, extensive, broad, exhaustive, all-inclusive, all-embracing, thorough, detailed, total, universal, encyclopaedic

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The 711 articles formed the most comprehensive body of maritime law.
It is a comprehensive collection of trade regulations.

Definition: 

(v) to give (money) to achieve something together.

Parts of speech:  

verb: contribute/contributes, contributing, contributed
noun: contribution, contributions; contributor, contributors
adjective: contributory


Synonyms: give, supply, provide, grant, donate, subscribe, add, put up, bestow

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This law contributed enormously to the growth of maritime trade.
He was a key contributor.

Definition: 

(v) to stretch or to grow longer.

Parts of speech:  

verb: extend/extends, extending, extended
noun: extension, extensions; extensiveness
adjective: extended; extensive
adverb: extensively


Synonyms: stretch, stretch out, spread, spread out, enlarge, expand, make longer, develop, continue, carry on, go as far as, reach, widen, increase, advance

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They extended their trading network across the world.
We later realised the importance of our territorial extent.

Definition: 

(v) to come or act in between.

Parts of speech:  

verb: intervene/intervenes, intervening, intervened
noun: intervention, interventions; interventionist, interventionists
adjective: intervening 


Synonyms: involve yourself, interfere, intercede, step in, arbitrate, mediate, negotiate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He has actively intervened in every part of the state.
They have made direct and decisive interventions in their legal strategy.

Definition: 

(adv.) ahead or in the forward direction of travel.

Parts of speech:  

adverb: onwards; onward
adjective: onward


Synonyms: ahead, forward, forwards, on, along, in front, in front of, moving

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
You will find the office open from 10 a.m. onwards.
From 1681 onwards that law was seen as the foundation of modern maritime law.

Definition: 

(v) to need for a purpose or outcome.

Parts of speech:  

verb: require/requires, requiring, required
noun: requirement, requirements
adjective: requirement


Synonyms: have need of, need, have to have, call for, demand, involve, necessitate, entail

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Sailors are required to fulfil the instructions received.
There are minimum requirements for working on a ship.

Definition: 

(n) to give money to encourage an outcome.

Parts of speech:  

noun: subsidy, subsidies; subsidisation
verb: subsidise/subsidises, subsidising, subsidised


Synonyms: help, support, aid, financial aid, grant, scholarship, contribution, assistance, allowance, stipend, subvention, endowment, premium, gift

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Governments give the industry generous subsidies.
Maritime industry is highly subsidised by some countries.

Definition: 

(v) to bring functions to a single point of control.

Parts of speech:  

verb: centralise/centralises, centralising, centralised
noun: centralisation, centralisations
adjective: centralised
adverb: centrally


Synonyms: concentrate, consolidate, condense, focus, integrate, unify

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He had the ability to centralise the legal offices under one department.
We need to centralise the information received.

Definition: 

(v) to trace from an older source.

Parts of speech:  

verb: derive/derives, deriving, derived
noun: derivation, derivations; derivative, derivatives
adjective: derivative


Synonyms: get, collect, obtain, gather, extract, come from, issue from, proceed from

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Written evidence partly derived from office records.
Their trade advantage derived directly from their global network.

Definition: 

(n) the power or skill needed to perform an action.

Parts of speech:  

noun: ability, abilities


Synonyms: capability, power, skill, talent, know-how, expertise, competence, aptitude, proficiency

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Her scholarly ability was noted by the university.
She has faith in her ability to finish the project.

Definition: 

(v) to have in possession.

Parts of speech:  

verb: hold/holds, holding, held
noun: hold, holds; holder, holders; holding, holdings


Synonyms: have, possess, own, contain, comprise, have a capacity for, keep

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He tries to hold a balance between the last and future decisions.
The company privately holds more than ten container vessels.

Definition: 

(n) something deemed unfair or inequitable; goes against natural laws.

Parts of speech:  

noun: injustice, injustices


Synonyms: unfairness, inequality, discrimination, oppression, abuse, prejudice, dishonesty

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
There were many social injustices, from the slave trade and religious intolerance to bureaucratic corruption.
It is a grave injustice against them.

Definition: 

(n) the act of changing to the next stage of development.

Parts of speech:  

noun: progression, progressions; progress, progresses
adjective: progressive
verb: progress/progresses, progressing, progressed


Synonyms: progress, evolution, advance, movement forward, gain

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The progression of British law seems very slow and stable.
Her fast progression in our law firm is the result of continuous professional dedication.

Definition: 

(n) an official document that states one is able to do something.

Parts of speech:  

noun: qualification, qualifications
adjective: qualified
verb: qualify/qualifies, qualifying, qualified


Synonyms: certificate, degree, diploma, condition, eligibility, competence, skill

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He is the first of his family to obtain legal qualifications.
None of the applicants had a postgraduate maritime law qualification.

Definition: 

(v) to split into parts.

Parts of speech:  

verb: separate/separates, separating, separated
noun: separation, separations; separator, separators
adjective: separate; separable


Synonyms: divide, break up, detach, disconnect

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
I have separated the documents.
They have different points of view and a separate approach to each issue.

Definition: 

(v) to give or change the form of something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: shape/shapes, shaping, shaped
noun: shape, shapes
adjective: shapeless; shapely, shapelier, shapeliest 


Synonyms: form, make, produce, create, frame

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Their legal system was shaped by a huge number of decisions.
My studies were an important factor in shaping my career.

Definition: 

(v) to create a newer version.

Parts of speech:  

verb: update/updates, updating, updated
noun: update, updates


Synonyms: amend, correct, review, upgrade, revise

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
I recently updated my notes.
We need to update our programs with the latest versions.

Definition: 

(v) to select for a role or position.

Parts of speech:  

verb: appoint/appoints, appointing, appointed
noun: appointment, appointments; appointee, appointee
adjective: appointed


Synonyms: name, nominate, designate, choose (to be), select, delegate, assign

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
His success at Oxford led him to be appointed a High Court Judge.
I have been appointed to legally represent this company.

Definition: 

(n) a try for a given goal.

Parts of speech:  

noun: attempt, attempts
adjective: attempted
verb: attempt/attempts, attempting, attempted


Synonyms: effort, endeavour, try, venture, undertaking

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
I decided to make a last attempt.
The attempt to save the ship was prevented because of bad weather.

Definition: 

(v) where something moves so quickly that you can’t see it clearly.

Parts of speech:  

verb: blur/blurs, blurring, blurred
noun: blur, blurs
adjective: blurred


Synonyms: become indistinct, become hazy, obscure, make vague, make indistinct

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The intention was to blur the distinction between questions.
It is criticised for how it blurs some legal definitions.

Definition: 

(v) to bring many together into one place.

Parts of speech:  

verb: collect/collects, collecting, collected
noun: collection, collections


Synonyms: meet, group, flock, gather, come together, rally, assemble

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Her main task is to organise the collection of cases.
All their ideas were collected into a single document.

Definition: 

(v) to put into a single formal text.

Parts of speech:  

verb: codify/codifies, codifying, codified
noun: codification, codifications


Synonyms: organise, systematise, classify, collect, summarise

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The customs were collected and codified into a legal text.
The French marine ordinance was first codified in the sixteenth century.

Definition: 

(v) to congratulate, or say that something is done well.

Parts of speech:  

verb: praise/praises, praising, praised
noun: praise, praises
adjective: praiseworthy


Synonyms: congratulate, compliment, honour, admire, applaud

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The manager was quick to publicly praise all trainees.
The book is praised for its elegant style and readability.

Definition: 

(v) to change others’ behaviour or interest through your actions or positions.

Parts of speech:  

verb: influence/influences, influencing, influenced
noun: influence, influences
adjective: influential


Synonyms: have an effect on, have an impact on, affect, bias, guide, control, direct, persuade

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The English legal system was influenced by Roman civil law and canonical law.
What you read may influence your choices.

Definition: 

(v) to separate individually into places far apart.

Parts of speech:  

verb: scatter/scatters, scattering, scattered
noun: scatter, scatters; scattering, scatterings
adjective: scattered


Synonyms: spread, disperse, separate, break up

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
English law is scattered across cases and customs.
He scattered the most important documents around the company.

Definition: 

(v) to bring together as a single whole.

Parts of speech:  

verb: unify/unifies, unifying, unified
noun: unification, unifications


Synonyms: bring together, unite, combine, join, harmonise, merge

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They have tried to collect and unify English law into a single work of jurisprudence.
He is determined to unify the industry.

Definition: 

(v) to label someone as a criminal or a pariah.

Parts of speech:  

verb: vilify/vilifies, vilifying, vilified
noun: vilification, vilifications


Synonyms: criticise, defame, denigrate, assail, decry, slander

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He was viewed as a legal conservative and was vilified by social reformers.
He is vilified by his colleagues for his controversial views.

Definition: 

(v) to accept or to bring into your possession.

Parts of speech:  

verb: adopt/adopts, adopting, adopted
noun: adoption, adoptions


Synonyms: accept, choose, support, follow, select, embrace, engage in, take up

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
My company adopted a similar system.
This protocol has been informally adopted.

Definition: 

(v) to make one object or idea parallel or fit to another.

Parts of speech:  

verb: align/aligns, aligning, aligned
noun: alignment, alignments


Synonyms: coordinate, regulate, order, range, line up, arrange in line

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We need to align our system with the emerging global standard.
They want to fully align their ideas.

Definition: 

(v) to have to do with someone or something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: apply/applies, applying, applied


Synonyms: relate to, concern, affect, involve, work in, refer to, be relevant to

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The same maritime regulation applies to companies in Europe.
They did not apply the good faith principle in this case.

Definition: 

(v) to resolve upon a course of action.

Parts of speech:  

verb: decide/decides, deciding, decided
noun: decision, decisions; decider, deciders
adjective: decided; deciding; decisive
adverb: decidedly


Synonyms: determine, reach a decision, plan, aim, choose

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
In civil law, countries’ substantive law decides which acts are criminal or civil offences.
The crew decided to follow the captain’s rescue plan.

Definition: 

(v) to reason by deduction.

Parts of speech:  

verb: derive/derives, deriving, derived
noun: derivation, derivations
adjective: derivative


Synonyms: acquire, obtain, gain, gather, extract, come from, originate in

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He could clearly derive the main points from the case notes.
Civil law is derived from legislative decisions.

Definition: 

(v) to include the whole shape of.

Parts of speech:  

verb: encompass/encompasses, encompassing, encompassed


Synonyms: include, contain, comprise, incorporate, embody

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The main legal traditions encompass a few individual legal systems.
The maritime industry encompasses a diverse range of businesses.

Definition: 

(v) to communicate or to work between.

Parts of speech:  

verb: interact/interacts, interacting, interacted
noun: interaction, interactions; interactivity, interactivities
adjective: interactive
adverb: interactively


Synonyms: communicate, combine, connect, collaborate, cooperate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Civil law tradition is a way of interacting and using law common to any system that is based on civil law.
She has a special ability to interact with our clients.

Definition: 

(v) to go back to an original healthy or full state.

Parts of speech:  

verb: recover/recovers, recovering, recovered
noun: recovery, recoveries
adjective: recoverable


Synonyms: recuperate, revive, improve, get better, retrieve, reclaim, regain, restore, salvage

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
It was said that they could easily recover the stolen books.
Europe was forced to recover from the Dark Ages.

Definition: 

(v) to depend upon another.

Parts of speech:  

verb: rely/relies, relying, relied
noun: reliance, reliances; reliability, reliabilities
adjective: reliable
adverb: reliably


Synonyms: depend on/upon, count on/upon, trust, be confident of, have confidence in, be sure of

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Civil law codes tend to rely on general principles for rulings.
They rely entirely on the report’s conclusions.

Definition: 

(v) to go back up through a boundary, or back into attention.

Parts of speech:  

verb: resurface/resurfaces, resurfacing, resurfaced


Synonyms: appear again, occur again, reappear, reoccur, re-emerge

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This unique text resurfaced in the last century.
Their new submarine is not able to resurface.

Definition: 

(v) to ask for help or another decision.

Parts of speech:  

verb: appeal/appeals, appealing, appealed
noun: appeal, appeals
adjective: appealing


Synonyms: ask, plead for, call, apply, request, solicit

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The company is appealing for information about the incident.
The idea of working in this fascinating area really appeals to me.

Definition: 

(v) to legally take away for a given use.

Parts of speech:  

verb: appropriate/appropriates, appropriating, appropriated
noun: appropriation, appropriations; appropriateness
adjective: appropriate
adverb: appropriately


Synonyms: take, take over, take possession of, seize, claim, assume, acquire, confiscate, expropriate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Their assets cannot be appropriated by the bank.
They were able to appropriate the other team’s ideas.

Definition: 

(v) put or connect things in a correct or detailed order.

Parts of speech:  

verb: arrange/arranges, arranging, arranged
noun: arrangement, arrangements


Synonyms: file, align, organise, classify, group, coordinate, manage, prepare

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our assistant has arranged all files in alphabetical order.
You can find here the precedents you need arranged thematically.

Definition: 

(n) something which must be carried and hinders progress.

Parts of speech:  

noun: burden, burdens
verb: burden/burdens, burdening, burdened
adjective: burdensome


Synonyms: obligation, duty, responsibility, charge, worry, care, problem

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The workers’ poor attitude placed a significant burden on the manager.
The financial uncertainty was a huge burden on our company.

Definition: 

(adj.) where different versions exhibit similar properties to each other.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: consistent
noun: consistency, consistencies
verb: consist/consists, consisting, consisted
adverb: consistently 


Synonyms: compatible, harmonious, in harmony, accordant, in accord, in agreement, agreeing

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This notable case was decided in a manner consistent with some past judgements.
His argument is not consistent with the notes sent to us.

Definition: 

(v) to take in information and give your account of its meaning.

Parts of speech:  

verb: interpret/interprets, interpreting, interpreted
noun: interpretation, interpretations; interpreter, interpreters
adjective: interpretative


Synonyms: understand, explain, define, clarify, make sense of, elucidate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
In common law tradition laws are based on the previous interpretations and decisions within cases.
In court he tried to interpret what he heard and read.

Definition: 

(v) to ensure by force or by law.

Parts of speech:  

verb: enforce/enforces, enforcing, enforced
noun: enforcement, enforcements
adjective: enforceable, enforced


Synonyms: execute, implement, put in force, put into action, fulfil

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
In civil law judges are administrative enforcers of legal codes.
We need to enforce new energy regulations.

Definition: 

(v) to act as the mediator, or middleman, in a discussion.

Parts of speech:  

verb: moderate/moderates, moderating, moderated
noun: moderation, moderations


Synonyms: arbitrate, mediate, facilitate, referee, manage, direct

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
In a conflict a judge moderates between two parties.
They wanted a moderate discussion in front of the audience.

Definition: 

(v) to come before.

Parts of speech:  

verb: precede/precedes, preceding, preceded
noun: precedent, precedents; precedence, precedences


Synonyms: go before, go ahead of, lead, head, take precedence

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The term ‘legal precedent’ is derived from the verb ‘to precede’, meaning ‘to go before’.
The judge based his decision on a set of established precedents.

Definition: 

(v) to make a final decision to act.

Parts of speech:  

verb: resolve/resolves, resolving, resolved
noun: resolve, resolves


Synonyms: solve, work out, find the solution to, make up your mind, decide, settle

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Practicing common law is to resolve legal conflicts in accordance with earlier decisions.
The main issue was to resolve the dispute.

Definition: 

(v) to reach a goal.

Parts of speech:  

verb: achieve/achieves, achieving, achieved
noun: achievement, achievements; achiever, achievers
adjective: achievable


Synonyms: reach, complete, gain, succeed in, fulfil, execute

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The program failed to achieve its objectives.
This was achieved by the new regulation.

Definition: 

(v) to change to fit the situation.

Parts of speech:  

verb: adapt/adapts, adapting, adapted
noun: adaptation, adaptations; adaptability, adaptabilities
adjective: adaptable, adaptive


Synonyms: change, prepare, make, shape, fit, transform, modify, convert

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The convention was widely respected and often adapted to cover new developments in the industry.
I have found it hard to adapt to the new court rules.

Definition: 

(v) to permit someone to do something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: allow/allows, allowing, allowed
adjective: allowable


Synonyms: permit, endorse, approve, enable, consent to, license, authorise

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The captain was not able to allow more time for that voyage.
They were allowed to read and take notes on the other party’s documents.

Definition: 

(v) to flourish, for flowers, people, or movements when they come good.

Parts of speech:  

verb: blossom/blossoms, blossoming, blossomed
noun: blossom, blossoms


Synonyms: grow, succeed, progress, prosper, flourish, develop

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
She has blossomed very late in her career.
French maritime trade blossomed in the 19th century.

Definition: 

(v) to make a law or decision.

Parts of speech:  

verb: enact/enacts, enacting, enacted
noun: enactment, enactments; enaction, enactions


Synonyms: approve, establish, pass, ratify, legislate, validate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The newly enacted legislation aims to control trade in the region.
The government aims to enact new laws to clarify the grey area.

Definition: 

(v) to build up at the beginning.

Parts of speech:  

verb: establish/establishes, establishing, established
noun: establishment, establishments
adjective: established


Synonyms: initiate, create, organise, set up, start, constitute

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our department was established to oversee maritime contracts.
For shipping to successfully occur it was essential to establish a global maritime legal system.

Definition: 

(v) to relate to things to each other.

Parts of speech:  

verb: interconnect/interconnects, interconnecting, interconnected
noun: interconnection, interconnections
adjective: interconnected, interconnecting


Synonyms: relate, connect, link, associate, unite

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our companies are really interconnected.
The adoption of maritime conventions across nations has allowed the world to become interconnected through trade.

Definition: 

(v) to operate and influence from above.

Parts of speech:  

verb: manage/manages, managing, managed
noun: management, managements; manager, managers
adjective: manageable, managerial, managed


Synonyms: lead, head, control, administer, command, run, rule conduct, govern, supervise, be in charge of

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They managed to get access to more valuable information.
The directors manage the company on behalf of the ship’s owner.

Definition: 

(v) when something happens.

Parts of speech:  

verb: occur/occurs, occurring, occurred
noun: occurrence, occurrences


Synonyms: happen, take place, come about, arise

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
A significant improvement occurred after the meeting.
Opportunities for education occur almost instinctively.

Definition: 

(v) to describe something as less than it really is.

Parts of speech:  

verb: understate/understates, understating, understated
noun: understatement, understatements


Synonyms: minimise, lessen, belittle, underestimate, undervalue, underplay

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We cannot understate the importance of maritime law.
The lawyer understated the importance of some discussions.

Definition: 

(v) to point at the centre of something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: aim/aims, aiming, aimed
noun: aim, aims
adjective: aimless
adverb: aimlessly


Synonyms: point, direct, focus, level

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The old customs were aimed at advancing trade.
He aimed to unify the different national maritime laws.

Definition: 

(v) to manipulate through your own power.

Parts of speech:  

verb: control/controls, controlling, controlled
noun: control, controls; controller, controllers
adjective: controlled, controlling


Synonyms: manipulate, have power over, command, conduct, dominate, run

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The organisation is controlled by powerful commercial interests.
This issue is the key to controlling our global legal strategy.

Definition: 

(v) to work together for a common goal.

Parts of speech:  

verb: cooperate/cooperates, cooperating, cooperated
noun: cooperation, cooperations; co-operator, co-operators
adjective: cooperative


Synonyms: work together, collaborate, join forces, combine your efforts, unite

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Two of the main international organisations are cooperating on the new project.
International cooperation followed on matters that would improve the business environment.

Definition: 

(v) to work together in action.

Parts of speech:  

verb: coordinate/coordinates, coordinating, coordinated
noun: coordinate, coordinates; coordination, coordinations; coordinator, coordinators


Synonyms: harmonise, match, relate, integrate, correlate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Our team is coordinated by an experienced lawyer.
Cooperation and coordination are important for a well-functioning global economy.

Definition: 

(v) to stop or change the process.

Parts of speech:  

verb: disrupt/disrupts, disrupting, disrupted
noun: disruption, disruptions
adjective: disruptive


Synonyms: stop, interrupt, disturb, interfere with, obstruct, break up

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The climate change protesters disrupted the meeting.
They don’t want to disrupt or change the course of international shipping.

Definition: 

(v) to make certain of something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: ensure/ensures, ensuring, ensured


Synonyms: make sure, make certain, secure, guarantee

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The manager tries to ensure a high level of job satisfaction.
They tried to ensure free access to the world’s oceans for commercial trade.

Definition: 

(v) to make something better.

Parts of speech:  

verb: improve/improves, improving, improved
noun: improvement, improvements


Synonyms: develop, make better, get better, advance, enhance, upgrade

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
These efforts are intended to improve working conditions on ships.
International cooperation improves the business environment.

Definition: 

(v) to use a device or a machine.

Parts of speech:  

verb: operate/operates, operating, operated
noun: operation, operations; operator, operators
adjective: operable, operative, operational


Synonyms: use, run, work, function, perform, utilise, control, handle, drive, manoeuvre

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Many shipping companies are now operating their own ships.
International organisations operate with, between, and over national governments.

Definition: 

(v) to control to a stable or consistent level.

Parts of speech:  

verb: regulate/regulates, regulating, regulated
noun: regulation, regulations; regulator, regulators; regularity, regularities
adjective: regular, regulatory
adverb: regularly


Synonyms: control, monitor, supervise, oversee, manage, rule, guide, handle

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
A new code of conduct for lawyers will be regulated soon.
They want to ensure that the new regulations will not disrupt or change the course of international shipping.

Definition: 

(v) to show back an image.

Parts of speech:  

verb: reflect/reflects, reflecting, reflected
noun: reflection, reflections; reflector, reflectors
adjective: reflective


Synonyms: mirror, return, reproduce, send back, throw back

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The conversation reflected the complexity of the case.
We were invited to reflect critically on the new change.

Definition: 

(v) to stay within.

Parts of speech:  

verb: abide/abides, abiding, abided
adjective: abiding


Synonyms: accept, conform to, obey, observe, continue

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
You’ll have to abide the decision.
They refused to abide by the conditions.

Definition: 

(v) to transact or engage with.

Parts of speech:  

verb: deal/deals, dealing, dealt
noun: deal, deals; dealings (pl); dealer, dealers


Synonyms: manage, handle, tackle, cope with, control, take action on, trade, do business

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
There are two ways of dealing with this case.
The deciding judge deals fairly between parties.

Definition: 

(v) to put in another’s possession.

Parts of speech:  

verb: give/gives, giving, gave, given
noun: given, givens; giver, givers
adjective: given
preposition: given
conjunction: given that


Synonyms: present, contribute, provide with, supply with, donate, award, grant, deliver, confer

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The module gives students opportunities to improve their English language skills.
Bona fides contracts gave the deciding judge discretion to deal fairly between parties.

Definition: 

(v) to believe that you will do something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: intend/intends, intending, intended
adjective: intended


Synonyms: plan, contemplate, aim, purpose, envisage, propose, have in mind

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He claimed that he had intended to respect the agreement.
The dispute was resolved in line with what was intended in the original contract.

Definition: 

(v) to hold with you.

Parts of speech:  

verb: keep/keeps, keeping, kept
noun: keep, keeps; keeper, keepers; keeping, keepings


Synonyms: hold on to, retain, save, preserve, maintain, keep possession of, conserve

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Students should keep up their attention in class.
Keeping promises is central to business.

Definition: 

(v) to give a name or a category to.

Parts of speech:  

verb: label/labels, labelling, labelled
noun: label, labels


Synonyms: name, brand, class, classify, define, identify, categorise

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He labels people all the time.
Cicero labelled good faith as the foundation of justice.

Definition: 

(v) to say as an aside.

Parts of speech:  

verb: mention/mentions, mentioning, mentioned
noun: mention, mentions


Synonyms: refer to, speak about, reveal, comment on, declare, cite, report, disclose, communicate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
As I mentioned already, relevant documents were analysed to conclude the case.
He clearly mentioned good faith’s relation to civil law.

Definition: 

(v) to do something in front of others, or to do an operation.

Parts of speech:  

verb: perform/performs, performing, performed
noun: performer, performers
adjective: performance


Synonyms: function, operate, execute, produce, work, accomplish, achieve, complete

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The lawyer is no longer able to perform his duties.
Both parties expect the other to honestly perform their duties under the contract agreed.

Definition: 

(v) to arrange something for later than first planned.

Parts of speech:  

verb: postpone/postpones, postponing, postponed
noun: postponement, postponement


Synonyms: delay, defer, put off, hold over, suspend

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The meeting was postponed because of the bad weather.
The seller may postpone, delay, or cancel the service for his own advantage.

Definition: 

(v) to distribute more thinly across a larger area.

Parts of speech:  

verb: spread/spreads, spreading, spread
noun: spread, spreads


Synonyms: extend, circulate, display, propagate, transmit, unfold

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They took immediate action to stop the disease spreading.
Good faith spread into the fields of international diplomacy and cooperation between nations.

Definition: 

(v) to use mathematics to find an answer.

Parts of speech:  

verb: calculate/calculates, calculating, calculated
noun: calculation, calculations; calculator, calculators; calculus, calculi
adjective: calculable


Synonyms: count, determine, add up, assess, value, estimate, consider, rate, enumerate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
I want to know how my bank calculates the interest on a loan.
The methods of calculation of contribution for general average are uniform.

Definition: 

(v) to assert the opposite of what another has said.

Parts of speech:  

verb: contradict/contradicts, contradicting, contradicted
noun: contradiction, contradictions
adjective: contradictory


Synonyms: disagree with, speak against, challenge, rebut, counter, dispute

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They had noticed she was wrong, but nobody contradicted her.
Some of the rules of general average seem to contradict each other.

Definition: 

(n) where one thing makes another thing happen.

Parts of speech:  

noun: causality, causalities; causation, causations; cause, causes
adjective: causative
verb: cause/causes, causing, caused


Synonyms: occasion, reason, causation, cause, influence, root, source

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The idea of causality between poverty and lack of education is a sensitive issue.
There is a list of numbered rules around causality and burden of proof.

Definition: 

(v) to harm and lower the utility of something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: damage/damages, damaging, damaged
noun: damage, damages


Synonyms: harm, injure, hurt, wreck, smash, ruin, crush, weaken, demolish

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
This report could prove seriously damaging for our company.
‘Average’ comes from the French avarié, meaning ‘damage’.

Definition: 

(v) to give to multiple others.

Parts of speech:  

verb: distribute/distributes, distributing, distributed
noun: distribution, distributions; distributor, distributors
adjective: distributed, distributive


Synonyms: give, share, divide up, allocate, apportion, deal, administer, dispose

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Some articles were distributed free of charge.
There is a list of rules around the distribution of rights.

Definition: 

(v) to change from one state to another.

Parts of speech:  

verb: evolve/evolves, evolving, evolved
noun: evolution, evolutions


Synonyms: develop, advance, grow, progress

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The legal profession has been evolving to meet the requirements of the modern times.
As commerce evolved, general average progressed from being a principle to being seen as a form of insurance.

Definition: 

(v) to live and feel through a moment in time.

Parts of speech:  

verb: experience/experiences, experiencing, experienced
noun: experience, experiences
adjective: experienced


Synonyms: have, know, feel, face, try, meet, suffer, taste, observe, perceive, encounter, undergo, go through, live through

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Sailors who experience stress in their voyages tend to be less involved in their jobs.
General average refers to the material loss experienced by all parties when there is a problem at sea.

Definition: 

(v) to receive the cost for something.

Parts of speech:  

verb: incur/incurs, incurring, incurred


Synonyms: experience, suffer, sustain, collect, provoke

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
Raising taxes may incur the anger of some clients.
Ships are insured against various specific losses incurred at sea.

Definition: 

(v) to save from a worse fate.

Parts of speech:  

verb: rescue/rescues, rescuing, rescued
noun: rescue, rescues; rescuer, rescuers


Synonyms: save, liberate, set free, free, release

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The ship’s captain tried to rescue people in distress at sea.
In common law jurisdictions the rescuing act must be successful to qualify as general average.

Definition: 

(v) to change place, direction, or form.

Parts of speech:  

verb: shift/shifts, shifting, shifted
noun: shift, shifts


Synonyms: change, move, move around, reposition, relocate, rearrange

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We’ll gradually shift this responsibility onto someone else.
General average shifted from being a principle to being seen as a form of insurance.

Definition: 

(v) to behave in a certain way.

Parts of speech:  

verb: act/acts, acting, acted
noun: act, acts; acting, actings


Synonyms: behave, conduct, perform, function, serve, work, operate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
An agent acts on the behalf of the shipowner.
We need to know whether the parties acted in good faith.

Definition: 

(v) to give money for a previous loss.

Parts of speech:  

verb: compensate/compensates, compensating, compensated
noun: compensation, compensations
adjective: compensatory


Synonyms: indemnify, repay, refund, pay back, remunerate, recompense, reimburse, make restitution

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The claimant was properly compensated for his loss.
Marine insurance is where an insurer contracts to compensate the counterparty for types of marine losses.

Definition: 

(v) to protect someone against loss, damage or accident.

Parts of speech:  

verb: cover/covers, covering, covered
noun: cover, covers; coverage, coverages; covering, coverings
adjective: covered


Synonyms: insure, compensate, balance, counterbalance, include, involve, contain, embrace, comprise, incorporate

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The cargo issues are partially covered by your marine insurance.
In marine insurance, unvalued policies cover a specific amount of money.

Definition: 

(v) to write or draw with a pen.

Parts of speech:  

verb: draft/drafts, drafting, drafted
noun: draft, drafts


Synonyms: plan, outline, compose, formulate, create, sketch, frame, write

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
These are a few drafted pieces of legislation.
There is a great problem with the drafting of this insurance contract.

Definition: 

(v) to allow to happen.

Parts of speech:  

verb: enable/enables, enabling, enabled


Synonyms: facilitate, allow, empower, give opportunity, equip, aid

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
A unique business model enabled their company to create a global trade network.
Marine insurance enabled the expansion of trade by sea.

Definition: 

(v) to insure against loss.

Parts of speech:  

verb: indemnify/indemnifies, indemnifying, indemnified
noun: indemnity, indemnities


Synonyms: insure, underwrite, endorse, protect, secure, guarantee

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They agreed to indemnify the charterer against any loss.
According to the contract, the merchant is clearly indemnified.

Definition: 

(v) to give for use.

Parts of speech:  

verb: provide/provides, providing, provided
noun: provider, providers
conjunction: providing, provided


Synonyms: give, supply, equip, furnish, present, accommodate, distribute contribute, produce

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The company provided us with a lot of valuable information.
The parties acted in good faith by providing the information concerning the ship.

Definition: 

(v) to make safe.

Parts of speech:  

verb: secure/secures, securing, secured
noun: security, securities
adjective: secure


Synonyms: guarantee, insure, assure, ensure, protect

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The leaking of commercial secrets has compromised the company’s security.
They try to secure the company’s potential loss.

Definition: 

(v) to split and give to others.

Parts of speech:  

verb: share/shares, sharing, shared
noun: share, shares; shareholder, shareholders; shareholding, shareholdings


Synonyms: split, divide, distribute, allocate, apportion, assign

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They share common experiences.
Sharing the risks of sea voyages has made our world as connected as it is today.

Definition: 

(v) to encircle.

Parts of speech:  

verb: surround/surrounds, surrounding, surrounded
noun: surrounding, surroundings
adjective: surrounding


Synonyms: enclose, encircle, encompass, ring, envelop

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The company’s building was surrounded by police.
The law surrounding marine insurance was first supported by merchants’ isolated codes.

Definition: 

(prep) from one point to another.

Parts of speech:  

prepositions: across
adverb: across


Synonyms: on the other side of, throughout, over, all over, covering

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
It came across as an interesting idea.
The new concept quickly became dominant across the country.

Definition: 

(v) to contest verbally.

Parts of speech:  

verb: argue/argues, arguing, argued
noun: argument, arguments
adjective: argumentative


Synonyms: assert, dispute, debate, claim, contend, question, reason, plead, challenge, deliberate, discuss

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He argued the case for interpreting the contract in terms of the seller’s intention.
Grotius argued that the sea was an infinite and indivisible common property of all mankind.

Definition: 

(v) to receive something of value.

Parts of speech:  

verb: benefit/benefits, benefiting, benefited
noun: benefit, benefits; beneficiary, beneficiaries
adjective: beneficial


Synonyms: aid, help, assist, advance, advantage, be beneficial to

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
We want to know who benefited from the last economic changes.
Mare liberum was confirmed back in the eighteenth century for the benefit of all mankind.

Definition: 

(v) to damage something so it cannot function; to cause something to end.

Parts of speech:  

verb: break/breaks, breaking, broke, broken
noun: break, breaks; breakage, breakages


Synonyms: stop, interrupt, suspend, cut short, cut, pause

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
After a misunderstanding in the office, she decided to take a career break.
He was determined to break the Iberian dominance of the trade routes to Asia.

Definition: 

(v) to use up or fully consume.

Parts of speech:  

verb: deplete/depletes, depleting, depleted
noun: depletion, depletions
adjective: depleted


Synonyms: consume, exhaust, expend, reduce, decrease, lessen, drain, empty

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The costs of litigation began to deplete the company’s reserves.
Global fish stocks could be depleted very soon.

Definition: 

(v) to go behind or after.

Parts of speech:  

verbs: follow/follows, following, followed
noun: follower, followers; following, followings
adjective: following
preposition: following


Synonyms: go behind, walk behind, go after, come after, succeed, take the place of, pursue, track, trail, obey, conform to, comply with, adhere to

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
It is required to follow the company protocol.
Different nation states would either follow mare liberum (open seas) or mare clausum (closed seas).

Definition: 

(v) to stop something from happening.

Parts of speech:  

verb: prevent/prevents, preventing, prevented
noun: prevention, preventions
adjective: preventable, preventive


Synonyms: stop, avoid, restrain, avert, block, obstruct, bar, inhibit

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
They need more detailed information in order to prevent fraud.
He tried to prevent British claims to trade from the East Indies.

Definition: 

(v) to go or change backwards.

Parts of speech:  

verb: reverse/reverses, reversing, reversed
noun: reverse, reverses; reversion, reversions
adjective: reverse, reversible


Synonyms: change, alter, revoke, overturn, overthrow, undo, cancel

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The Court of Appeal reversed the decision of the High Court last week.
There was a major reversal.

Definition: 

(v) to match something well.

Parts of speech:  

verb: suit/suits, suiting, suited
noun: suit, suits; suitability, suitabilities
adjective: suitable
adverb: suitably


Synonyms: match, agree with, correspond with, conform to, harmonize with, be suitable for

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
The ship may need to be adapted to suit the needs of a particular route.
The convention suited their interests at the time.

Definition: 

(adj.) when something is under the ocean.

Parts of speech:  

adjective: undersea


Synonyms: underwater, submerged, subaquatic, immersed

Collocations:

Examples of Simple Sentences:
He has significant experience in undersea work.
The convention includes the right to lay undersea cables.